@Article{RibeiroAmarMontDalA:2022:EnKuCu,
               author = "Ribeiro, Renata Maciel and Amaral, Silvana and Monteiro, 
                         Ant{\^o}nio Miguel Vieira and Dal'Asta, Ana Paula",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "'Cities in the forest' and 'cities of the forest': an 
                         environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) spatial approach to analyzing 
                         the urbanization-deforestation relationship in a Brazilian Amazon 
                         state",
              journal = "Ecology and Society",
                 year = "2022",
               volume = "27",
               number = "2",
                pages = "e1",
             keywords = "Brazilian Amazon, environmental Kuznets curve, spatial analyses, 
                         urbanization-deforestation relationship.",
             abstract = "Contemporary urbanization has been reorganizing the territories 
                         and the socioeconomic relations in the Brazilian Amazon as a 
                         whole. We seek to identify a general typology of relationships 
                         between urbanization and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, in 
                         the light of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) theory. We have 
                         applied this approach to the 144 municipalities of Par{\'a}, in 
                         the Brazilian Amazon, in the inter-census interval from 2000 to 
                         2010. The EKC approach included the spatial analysis method of 
                         geographically weighted regressions (GWR). Deforestation, measured 
                         by the PRODES program by Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais 
                         (INPE), was used as a measure of environmental degradation and the 
                         urbanization has been restricted to a socioeconomic 
                         characterizing, based on a set of 22 variables from the national 
                         census database, aggregated at the municipalities level. The 
                         results showed two main typologies: (1) the decreasing monotonic 
                         and (2) {"}U{"} shape. The first one indicates municipalities with 
                         urban-based economies that have in their income composition an 
                         important share of an economy based on the historical structural 
                         diversity of the Amazon rural production systems. The second one 
                         indicates municipalities with urban-based economies in which the 
                         income composition points to an agrarian economy based on rural 
                         production systems supported by large, intensified, and 
                         homogeneous landscapes that have established a predatory 
                         relationship with natural resources. We argue that these two 
                         typologies found can be used to establish two city models: 
                         {"}cities of the forest,{"} where it would be possible to combine 
                         the local traditional knowledge with scientific and technological 
                         advances, mediated by the city life, and {"}cities in the 
                         forest,{"} where the urban-industrial development strategy that 
                         has been changing the relationship between society and nature 
                         since the 1950s is in place and still very much alive.",
                  doi = "10.5751/ES-13224-270201",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-13224-270201",
                 issn = "1708-3087",
                label = "lattes: 4609310306920975 1 RibeiroAmarMontDalA:2022:EnKuCu",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "ES-2021-13224.pdf",
                  url = "https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol27/iss2/art1/",
        urlaccessdate = "11 maio 2024"
}